Android渠道打包技术小结
kyelup
8年前
<p>导读</p> <p>本文对比了渠道4种渠道打包方式:</p> <p style="text-align:center"><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/3542f5e1c57699e818333321e3e3659d.jpg"></p> <p>与iOS的单一渠道(AppStore)不同,Android平台在国内的渠道多入牛毛。以我们的App为例,就有27个普通渠道(应用宝,百度,360这种)和更多的推广专用渠道。我们打包技术也经过了若干次的改进。</p> <p>1.利用Gradle Product Favor打包</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">android { productFlavors { base { manifestPlaceholders = [ CHANNEL:”0"] } yingyongbao { manifestPlaceholders = [ CHANNEL:"1" ] } baidu { manifestPlaceholders = [ CHANNEL:"2"] } } } </code></pre> <p>AndroidManifest.xml</p> <pre> <code class="language-java"><!-- 自用渠道号设置 --> <meta-data android:name="CHANNEL" android:value="${CHANNEL}”/> </code></pre> <p>原理很简单,gradle编译的时候,会根据这个配置,把manifest里对应的metadata占位符替换成指定的值。然后Android这边在运行期再去取出来就是:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public static String getChannel(Context context) { String channel = ""; PackageManager pm = sContext.getPackageManager(); try { ApplicationInfo ai = pm.getApplicationInfo( context.getPackageName(), PackageManager.GET_META_DATA); String value = ai.metaData.getString("CHANNEL"); if (value != null) { channel = value; } } catch (Exception e) { // 忽略找不到包信息的异常 } return channel; } </code></pre> <p>这个办法,缺点很明显,每打一个渠道包都会完整得执行一遍apk的编译打包流程,非常慢。近30个包要打一个多小时…优点就是不依赖其他工具,gradle自己就能搞定。</p> <p>2.替换Assets资源打包</p> <p>assets用于存放一些资源。不同与res,assets里的资源编译时原样保留,不需要生成什么resouce id之类的东西。因此,我们可以通过替换assets里的文件打出不同的渠道包,而不用每次都重新编译。</p> <p>我们知道apk本质上就是个zip文件,那么我们就可以通过解压缩->替换文件->压缩的办法来搞定:</p> <p>这里给出一份Python3的实现</p> <pre> <code class="language-java"># 解压缩 src_file_path = '原始apk文件路径' extract_dir = '解压的目标目录路径' os.makedirs(extract_dir, exist_ok=True) os.system(UNZIP_PATH + ' -o -d %s %s' % (extract_dir, src_file_path)) # 删除签名信息 shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(extract_dir, 'META-INF')) # 写入渠道文件assets/channel.conf channel_file_path = os.path.join(extract_dir, 'assets', 'channel.conf')with open(channel_file_path, mode='w') as f: f.write(channel) # 写入渠道号写进去 os.chdir(extract_dir) output_file_name = '输出文件名称' output_file_path = '输出文件路径' output_file_path_tmp = os.path.join(output_dir, output_file_name + '_tmp.apk') # 压缩 os.system(ZIP_PATH + ' -r %s *' % output_file_path) os.rename(output_file_path, output_file_path_tmp) # 重新签名 # jarsigner -sigalg MD5withRSA -digestalg SHA1 -keystore your_keystore_path # -storepass your_storepass -signedjar your_signed_apk, your_unsigned_apk, your_alias signer_params = ' -verbose -sigalg MD5withRSA -digestalg SHA1' + \ ' -keystore %s -storepass %s %s %s -sigFile CERT' % \ ( sign, # 签名文件路径 store_pass, # 存储密码 output_file_path_tmp, alias # 别名 ) os.system(JAR_SIGNER_PATH + signer_params) # Zip对齐 os.system(ZIP_ALIGN_PATH + ' -v 4 %s %s' % (output_file_path_tmp, output_file_path)) os.remove(output_file_path_tmp) </code></pre> <p>在这里,几个PATH分别表示zip、unzip、jarsigner和zipalign这几个可执行文件的路径。</p> <p>签名是apk的一个重要机制,它给apk里的每一个文件(META-INF目录下的除外)计算一个hash值,记录在META-INF下的若干文件里。Zip对齐能够优化运行时Android读取资源的效率,这一步虽然不是必须的,但还是推荐做一下。</p> <p>采用这个方法,我们不需要再编译Java代码,速度有极大地提升。大约每10秒就能打一个包。</p> <p>同时给出读取渠道号的实现代码:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public static String getChannel(Context context) { String channel = ""; InputStream is = null; try { is = context.getAssets().open("channel.conf"); byte[] buffer = new byte[100]; int l = is.read(buffer); channel = new String(buffer, 0, l); } catch (IOException e) { // 如果读不到,那么取缺省值 } finally { if (is != null) { try { is.close(); } catch (Exception ignored) { } } } return channel; } </code></pre> <p>顺便说一下,还可以用aapt这个工具来替代zip&unzip来实现文件替换:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java"># 替换assets/channel.conf os.chdir(base_dir) os.system(AAPT_PATH + ' remove %s assets/channel.conf' % output_file_path_tmp) os.system(AAPT_PATH + ' add %s assets/channel.conf' % output_file_path_tmp) </code></pre> <p>3.美团给出的一种方案</p> <p>刚才上文提到META-INF目录对签名机制是豁免的,往这里面放东西就可以免去重签名这一步,美团技术团队就是这么做的。</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">import zipfile zipped = zipfile.ZipFile(your_apk, 'a', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) empty_channel_file = "META-INF/mtchannel_{channel}".format(channel=your_channel) zipped.write(your_empty_file, empty_channel_file) </code></pre> <p>给META-INFO目录加入一个名为“mtchannel_渠道号”的空文件,在Java这边查找到这个文件,取得文件名即可:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public static String getChannel(Context context) { ApplicationInfo appinfo = context.getApplicationInfo(); String sourceDir = appinfo.sourceDir; String ret = ""; ZipFile zipfile = null; try { zipfile = new ZipFile(sourceDir); Enumeration<?> entries = zipfile.entries(); while (entries.hasMoreElements()) { ZipEntry entry = ((ZipEntry) entries.nextElement()); String entryName = entry.getName(); if (entryName.startsWith("mtchannel")) { ret = entryName; break; } } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (zipfile != null) { try { zipfile.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } String[] split = ret.split("_"); if (split != null && split.length >= 2) { return ret.substring(split[0].length() + 1); } else { return ""; } } </code></pre> <p>这个方法省去了重签名这一步,速度提升也很大。他们的描述是“900多个渠道不到一分钟就能打完”,也就是不到0.06s一个包。</p> <p>4.利用Zip文件comment的终极方案</p> <p>另外给出了一个终极方案:我们知道Zip文件末尾有一块区域,可以用来存放文件的comment。改动这个区域,丝毫不会影响Zip文件的内容。</p> <p>打包的代码很简单:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">shutil.copyfile(src_file_path, output_file_path) with zipfile.ZipFile(output_file_path, mode='a') as zipFile: zipFile.comment = bytes(channel, encoding=‘utf8') </code></pre> <p>这个方法比前一个方法的区别在于,它不会修改Apk的内容,也就不必重新打包,速度又有提升!</p> <p>按文档中的说法,这个方法1s内可以打300多个包,也就是说单个包的时间小于10毫秒!</p> <p>读取的代码稍微复杂一些。</p> <p>Java 7的ZipFile类,有getComment方法,可以轻易地读取comment值。然而这个方法只在Android 4.4以及更高版本才可用,我们就需要多花点时间把这段逻辑移植过来。所幸这里的逻辑不复杂,我们查看源码,可以看到主要逻辑都在ZipFile的一个私有方法readCentralDir里,一小部分读取二进制数据的逻辑在libcore.io.HeapBufferIterator,全部搬过来,整理一下就搞定了:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public static String getChannel(Context context) { String packagePath = context.getPackageCodePath(); RandomAccessFile raf = null; String channel = ""; try { raf = new RandomAccessFile(packagePath, "r"); channel = readChannel(raf); } catch (IOException e) { // ignore } finally { if (raf != null) { try { raf.close(); } catch (IOException e) { // ignore } } } return channel;}private static final long LOCSIG = 0x4034b50;private static final long ENDSIG = 0x6054b50;private static final int ENDHDR = 22;private static short peekShort(byte[] src, int offset) { return (short) ((src[offset + 1] << 8) | (src[offset] & 0xff));}private static String readChannel(RandomAccessFile raf) throws IOException { // Scan back, looking for the End Of Central Directory field. If the zip file doesn't // have an overall comment (unrelated to any per-entry comments), we'll hit the EOCD // on the first try. // No need to synchronize raf here -- we only do this when we first open the zip file. long scanOffset = raf.length() - ENDHDR; if (scanOffset < 0) { throw new ZipException("File too short to be a zip file: " + raf.length()); } raf.seek(0); final int headerMagic = Integer.reverseBytes(raf.readInt()); if (headerMagic == ENDSIG) { throw new ZipException("Empty zip archive not supported"); } if (headerMagic != LOCSIG) { throw new ZipException("Not a zip archive"); } long stopOffset = scanOffset - 65536; if (stopOffset < 0) { stopOffset = 0; } while (true) { raf.seek(scanOffset); if (Integer.reverseBytes(raf.readInt()) == ENDSIG) { break; } scanOffset--; if (scanOffset < stopOffset) { throw new ZipException("End Of Central Directory signature not found"); } } // Read the End Of Central Directory. ENDHDR includes the signature bytes, // which we've already read. byte[] eocd = new byte[ENDHDR - 4]; raf.readFully(eocd); // Pull out the information we need. int position = 0; int diskNumber = peekShort(eocd, position) & 0xffff; position += 2; int diskWithCentralDir = peekShort(eocd, position) & 0xffff; position += 2; int numEntries = peekShort(eocd, position) & 0xffff; position += 2; int totalNumEntries = peekShort(eocd, position) & 0xffff; position += 2; position += 4; // Ignore centralDirSize. // long centralDirOffset = ((long) peekInt(eocd, position)) & 0xffffffffL; position += 4; int commentLength = peekShort(eocd, position) & 0xffff; position += 2; if (numEntries != totalNumEntries || diskNumber != 0 || diskWithCentralDir != 0) { throw new ZipException("Spanned archives not supported"); } String comment = ""; if (commentLength > 0) { byte[] commentBytes = new byte[commentLength]; raf.readFully(commentBytes); comment = new String(commentBytes, 0, commentBytes.length, Charset.forName("UTF-8")); } return comment; } </code></pre> <p>需要注意的是,Android 7.0加入了APK Signature Scheme v2技术。在Android Plugin for Gradle 2.2,这一技术是缺省启用的,这会导致第三、第四两种方法打出的包在Android 7.0下面校验失败。解决方法有二,一是把Gradle版本改低,二是在signingConfigs/release下面加上配置v2SigningEnabled false。详细说明见谷歌的文档</p> <p>总结</p> <p>用表格说话</p> <p style="text-align:center"><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/163f52ed54fc599ace93b0f0d4e68e40.jpg"></p> <p> </p> <p>来自:http://mobile.51cto.com/android-531232.htm</p> <p> </p>