Android中的构建者(Builder)模式
步行走天下
8年前
<p>最近在使用 Retrofit 和 OkHttp 框架的过程中发现创建相关对象时频繁使用到了Builder模式,链式调用的方式让代码变得简洁、易懂,但自己也只是知其然而不知其所以然,所以决定做个笔记加深下印象。</p> <h3><strong>一、场景分析</strong></h3> <p>在实际开发中,往往会遇到需要构建一个复杂的对象的代码,像这样的:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class User { private String name; // 必传 private String cardID; // 必传 private int age; // 可选 private String address; // 可选 }</code></pre> <p>于是我们起手就是撸了一串这样的代码,譬如:</p> <p>通过构造函数的参数形式去写一个实现类</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">User(String name); User(String name, String cardID); User(String name, String cardID,int age); User(String name, String cardID,int age, String address);</code></pre> <p>又或者通过设置setter和getter方法的形式写一个实现类</p> <p><!--more--></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class User { private String name; // 必传 private String cardID; // 必传 private int age; // 可选 private String address; // 可选 public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getCardID() { return cardID; } public void setCardID(String cardID) { this.cardID = cardID; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } }</code></pre> <p>先说说这两种方式的优劣:</p> <p>第一种在参数不多的情况下,是比较方便快捷的,一旦参数多了,代码可读性大大降低,并且难以维护,对调用者来说也造成一定困惑;</p> <p>第二种可读性不错,也易于维护,但是这样子做对象会产生不一致的状态,当你想要传入全部参数的时候,你必需将所有的setXX方法调用完成之后才行。然而一部分的调用者看到了这个对象后,以为这个对象已经创建完毕,就直接使用了,其实User对象并没有创建完成,另外,这个User对象也是可变的,不可变类所有好处都不复存在。</p> <p>写到这里真想为自己最近封装的表单控件捏一把汗。。。所以有没有更好地方式去实现它呢,那就是接下来要理解的Builder模式了。</p> <h3><strong>二、定义</strong></h3> <pre> <code class="language-java">将一个复杂对象的构建与它的表示分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的展示。</code></pre> <p>Builder模式属于创建型,一步一步将一个复杂对象创建出来,允许用户在不知道内部构建细节的情况下,可以更精细地控制对象的构造流程。</p> <h3><strong>三、Builder模式变种-链式调用</strong></h3> <p>代码实现</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class User { private final String name; //必选 private final String cardID; //必选 private final int age; //可选 private final String address; //可选 private final String phone; //可选 private User(UserBuilder userBuilder){ this.name=userBuilder.name; this.cardID=userBuilder.cardID; this.age=userBuilder.age; this.address=userBuilder.address; this.phone=userBuilder.phone; } public String getName() { return name; } public String getCardID() { return cardID; } public int getAge() { return age; } public String getAddress() { return address; } public String getPhone() { return phone; } public static class UserBuilder{ private final String name; private final String cardID; private int age; private String address; private String phone; public UserBuilder(String name,String cardID){ this.name=name; this.cardID=cardID; } public UserBuilder age(int age){ this.age=age; return this; } public UserBuilder address(String address){ this.address=address; return this; } public UserBuilder phone(String phone){ this.phone=phone; return this; } public User build(){ return new User(this); } } }</code></pre> <p>需要注意的点:</p> <ul> <li>User类的构造方法是私有的,调用者不能直接创建User对象。</li> <li>User类的属性都是不可变的。所有的属性都添加了final修饰符,并且在构造方法中设置了值。并且,对外只提供getters方法。</li> <li>Builder的内部类构造方法中只接收必传的参数,并且该必传的参数使用了final修饰符。</li> </ul> <p><strong>调用方式</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">new User.UserBuilder("Jack","10086") .age(25) .address("GuangZhou") .phone("13800138000") .build();</code></pre> <p>相比起前面通过构造函数和setter/getter方法两种方式,可读性更强。唯一可能存在的问题就是会产生多余的Builder对象,消耗内存。然而大多数情况下我们的Builder内部类使用的是静态修饰的(static),所以这个问题也没多大关系。</p> <p><strong>关于线程安全</strong></p> <p>Builder模式是非线程安全的,如果要在Builder内部类中检查一个参数的合法性,必需要在对象创建完成之后再检查,</p> <p>正确示例:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public User build() { User user = new user(this); if (user.getAge() > 120) { throw new IllegalStateException(“Age out of range”); // 线程安全 } return user; }</code></pre> <p>错误示例:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public User build() { if (age > 120) { throw new IllegalStateException(“Age out of range”); // 非线程安全 } return new User(this); }</code></pre> <h3><strong>四、经典Builder模式</strong></h3> <p><strong>UML类图</strong></p> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/b1726da64d8395ce5ada6b4bb27d01a5.png"></p> <p>来源自《Android源码设计模式与解析实战》</p> <p>Product : 产品抽象类</p> <p>Builder : 抽象Builder类,规范产品组建,一般是由子类实现具体的组建过程</p> <p>ConcreteBuilder : 具体的Builder类</p> <p>Director : 统一组装过程</p> <p><strong>Product角色</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">/** * 用户抽象类 */ public abstract class User { protected String name; protected String cardID; protected int age; protected String address; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public abstract void setCardID(); public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public void setAddress(String address) { this.address = address; } @Override public String toString() { return "User [name ="+name+",cardID="+cardID+",age="+age+"," + "address="+address+"]"; } }</code></pre> <p><strong>具体的Product类</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">/** * 具体的Product角色 SysUser */ public class SysUser extends User { public SysUser() { } @Override public void setCardID() { cardID="10086"; //设置默认ID } }</code></pre> <p><strong>抽象Builder类</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public abstract class Builder { public abstract void buildName(String name); public abstract void buildCardID(); public abstract void buildAge(int age); public abstract void buildAddress(String address); public abstract User create(); }</code></pre> <p><strong>具体的Builder类</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class AccountBuilder extends Builder{ private User user=new SysUser(); @Override public void buildName(String name) { user.setName(name); } @Override public void buildCardID() { user.setCardID(); } @Override public void buildAge(int age) { user.setAge(age); } @Override public void buildAddress(String address) { user.setAddress(address); } @Override public User create() { return user; } }</code></pre> <p><strong>Director角色,负责构造User</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class Director { Builder mBuilder =null; public Director(Builder builder){ this.mBuilder =builder; } public void construct(String name,int age,String address){ mBuilder.buildName(name); mBuilder.buildCardID(); mBuilder.buildAge(age); mBuilder.buildAddress(address); } }</code></pre> <p><strong>测试代码</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class Test{ public static void main(String args){ //构建器 Builder builder=new AccountBuilder(); //Director Director director=new Director(builder); //封装构建过程:Jack,10086,25,GuangZhou director.construct("Jack",25,"GuangZhou"); //打印结果 System.out.println("Info :" +builder.create().toString()); } }</code></pre> <p><strong>输出结果</strong></p> <pre> <code class="language-java">System.out: Info :User [name =Jack,cardID=10086,age=25,address=GuangZhou]</code></pre> <h3><strong>六、用到Builder模式的例子</strong></h3> <ul> <li> <p>Android中的AlertDialog.Builder</p> </li> </ul> <pre> <code class="language-java">private void showDialog(){ AlertDialog.Builder builder=new AlertDialog.Builder(context); builder.setIcon(R.drawable.icon); builder.setTitle("Title"); builder.setMessage("Message"); builder.setPositiveButton("Button1", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { //TODO } }); builder.setNegativeButton("Button2", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { //TODO } }); builder.create().show(); }</code></pre> <ul> <li> <p>OkHttp中OkHttpClient的创建</p> </li> </ul> <pre> <code class="language-java">OkHttpClient okHttpClient = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .cache(getCache()) .addInterceptor(new HttpCacheInterceptor()) .addInterceptor(new LogInterceptor()) .addNetworkInterceptor(new HttpRequestInterceptor()) .build();</code></pre> <ul> <li> <p>Retrofit中Retrofit对象的创建</p> </li> </ul> <pre> <code class="language-java">Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder() .client(createOkHttp()) .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()) .addCallAdapterFactory(RxJavaCallAdapterFactory.create()) .baseUrl(BASE_URL) .build();</code></pre> <p>可见在实际使用中,均省略掉了Director角色,在很多框架源码中,涉及到Builder模式时,大多都不是经典GOF的Builder模式,而是选择了结构更加简单的后者。</p> <h3><strong>七、优缺点</strong></h3> <p>优点:</p> <ul> <li>良好的封装性,使得客户端不需要知道产品内部实现的细节</li> <li>建造者独立,扩展性强</li> </ul> <p>缺点:</p> <ul> <li>产生多余的Builder对象、Director对象,消耗内存</li> </ul> <h3><strong>参考资料</strong></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959724491745098962" rel="nofollow,noindex">《Android源码设计模式与解析实战》</a></li> <li><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959724491837492115" rel="nofollow,noindex">设计模式之Builder模式</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>来自:http://www.jianshu.com/p/0adc46f457be</p> <p> </p>