ReactiveCocoa中潜在的内存泄漏及解决方案
MarylinGain
8年前
<p><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244311077578" rel="nofollow,noindex">ReactiveCocoa</a> 是 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4958184186834948584" rel="nofollow,noindex">GitHub</a> 开源的一个函数响应式编程框架,目前在美团App中大量使用。用过它的人都知道很好用,也确实为我们的生活带来了很多便利,特别是跟MVVM模式结合使用,更是如鱼得水。不过刚开始使用的时候,可能容易疏忽掉一些隐藏的细节,从而导致内存泄漏等问题。本文就带大家深入了解下ReactiveCocoa中隐藏的一些细节,帮助大家以更加正确的姿势使用ReactiveCocoa。</p> <p>以下代码和示例基于 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244426581366" rel="nofollow,noindex">ReactiveCocoa v2.5</a> 。</p> <h2>RACObserve引发的血案</h2> <p><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244518819763" rel="nofollow,noindex">RACObserve</a> 是ReactiveCocoa中一个相当常用也相当好用的宏,它可以用来监听属性值的改变,然后传递给订阅者。不过在使用的时候有一点需要稍微注意一下,为了直观说明,先上一个小Demo。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSignal *signal = [RACSignal createSignal:^RACDisposable *(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { //1 MTModel *model = [[MTModel alloc] init]; // MTModel有一个名为的title的属性 [subscriber sendNext:model]; [subscriber sendCompleted]; return nil; }]; self.flattenMapSignal = [signal flattenMap:^RACStream *(MTModel *model) { //2 return RACObserve(model, title); }]; [self.flattenMapSignal subscribeNext:^(id x) { //3 NSLog(@"subscribeNext - %@", x); }]; }</code></pre> <ol> <li>创建一个signal,该signal被订阅后会发送一个MTModel的实例;</li> <li>对第一步创建的signal进行flattenMap操作,并将返回的信号保留(之所以要保留,是因为可能希望在其它地方订阅,不过这里为了简单,就直接在第三步进行订阅);</li> <li>对第二步产生的信号(self.flattenMapSignal)进行订阅。</li> </ol> <p>这段代码看起来很正常,工作也相当良好,但是当从添加了这段代码的控制器返回时,控制器并没有被释放。这又是为啥呢?看下RACObserve的定义:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">#define RACObserve(TARGET, KEYPATH) \ ({ \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic push") \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wreceiver-is-weak\"") \ __weak id target_ = (TARGET); \ [target_ rac_valuesForKeyPath:@keypath(TARGET, KEYPATH) observer:self]; \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop") \ })</code></pre> <p>注意这一句: [target_ rac_valuesForKeyPath:@keypath(TARGET, KEYPATH) observer:self];<br> 如果将宏简单展开就变成了下面这样:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSignal *signal = [RACSignal createSignal:^RACDisposable *(id < RACSubscriber > subscriber) { //1 GJModel *model = [[GJModel alloc] init]; [subscriber sendNext:model]; [subscriber sendCompleted]; return nil; }]; self.flattenMapSignal = [signal flattenMap:^RACStream *(GJModel *model) {//2 __weak GJModel *target_ = model; return [target_ rac_valuesForKeyPath:@keypath(target_, title) observer:self]; }]; [self.flattenMapSignal subscribeNext:^(id x) {//3 NSLog(@"subscribeNext - %@", x); }]; }</code></pre> <p>看到这里,应该发现哪里不对了吧?没错,flattenMap操作接收的block里面出现了self,对self进行了持有,而flattenMap操作返回的信号又由self的属性flattenMapSignal进行了持有,这就造成了循环引用。</p> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/beb423a7fe005b045f860b3e5a63bec1.png"></p> <p>注意:2是间接持有,从逻辑上来讲,flattenMapSignal会有一个didSubscribeBlock,为了让传递给flattenMap操作的block有意义,didSubscribeBlock会对该block进行持有,从而也就间接持有了self,感兴趣的读者可以去看下相关源码。</p> <p>OK,找到了问题所在,解决起来也就简单了,使用@weakify和@strongify即可:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSignal *signal = [RACSignal createSignal:^RACDisposable *(id < RACSubscriber > subscriber) { GJModel *model = [[GJModel alloc] init]; [subscriber sendNext:model]; [subscriber sendCompleted]; return nil; }]; @weakify(self); // self.signal = [signal flattenMap:^RACStream *(GJModel *model) { @strongify(self); // return RACObserve(model, title); }]; [self.signal subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"subscribeNext - %@", x); }]; }</code></pre> <p>这里之所以容易疏忽,是因为在block里没有很直观的看到self,但是RACObserve的定义里面却用到了self。</p> <p>其实RACObserve的解释中已经很明确地说明了这个问题。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">/// Creates a signal which observes `KEYPATH` on `TARGET` for changes. /// /// In either case, the observation continues until `TARGET` _or self_ is /// deallocated. If any intermediate object is deallocated instead, it will be /// assumed to have been set to nil. /// /// Make sure to `@strongify(self)` when using this macro within a block! The /// macro will _always_ reference `self`, which can silently introduce a retain /// cycle within a block. As a result, you should make sure that `self` is a weak /// reference (e.g., created by `@weakify` and `@strongify`) before the /// expression that uses `RACObserve`. /// /// Examples /// /// // Observes self, and doesn't stop until self is deallocated. /// RACSignal *selfSignal = RACObserve(self, arrayController.items); /// /// // Observes the array controller, and stops when self _or_ the array /// // controller is deallocated. /// RACSignal *arrayControllerSignal = RACObserve(self.arrayController, items); /// /// // Observes obj.arrayController, and stops when self _or_ the array /// // controller is deallocated. /// RACSignal *signal2 = RACObserve(obj.arrayController, items); /// /// @weakify(self); /// RACSignal *signal3 = [anotherSignal flattenMap:^(NSArrayController *arrayController) { /// // Avoids a retain cycle because of RACObserve implicitly referencing /// // self. /// @strongify(self); /// return RACObserve(arrayController, items); /// }]; /// /// Returns a signal which sends the current value of the key path on /// subscription, then sends the new value every time it changes, and sends /// completed if self or observer is deallocated. #define RACObserve(TARGET, KEYPATH) \ ({ \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic push") \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic ignored \"-Wreceiver-is-weak\"") \ __weak id target_ = (TARGET); \ [target_ rac_valuesForKeyPath:@keypath(TARGET, KEYPATH) observer:self]; \ _Pragma("clang diagnostic pop") \ })</code></pre> <p>通过这个例子,相信你已经知道了RACObserve的正确使用姿势,也意识到了阅读文档的重要性。</p> <p>如果说RACObserve潜在的内存泄漏只要稍加留意,使用的时候查看下文档就能避免;那么下面的情况,就相当隐蔽了,就算是看了文档也不一定能看出来。</p> <p>不信?接着往下看。</p> <h2>RACSubject带来的悲剧</h2> <p><a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244607056529" rel="nofollow,noindex">RACSubject</a> 是非RAC到RAC的一个桥梁,使用起来也很简单方便,基本的用法如下:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSubject *subject = [RACSubject subject]; //1 [subject.rac_willDeallocSignal subscribeCompleted:^{ //2 NSLog(@"subject dealloc"); }]; [subject subscribeNext:^(id x) { //3 NSLog(@"next = %@", x); }]; [subject sendNext:@1]; //4 }</code></pre> <ol> <li>创建一个RACSubject的实例;</li> <li>订阅subject的dealloc信号,在subject被释放的时候会发送完成信号;</li> <li>订阅subject;</li> <li>使用subject发送一个值。</li> </ol> <p>接下来看一下输出的结果:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">2016-06-13 09:15:25.426 RAC[5366:245360] next = 1 2016-06-13 09:15:25.428 RAC[5366:245360] subject dealloc</code></pre> <p>工作相当良好,接下来改造下程序,要求对subject发送的所有值进行乘3,这用map很容易就实现了。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSubject *subject = [RACSubject subject]; [subject.rac_willDeallocSignal subscribeCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"subject dealloc"); }]; [[subject map:^id(NSNumber *value) { return @([value integerValue] * 3); }] subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"next = %@", x); }]; [subject sendNext:@1]; }</code></pre> <p>跟之前大体不变,只是对subject进行了map操作然后再订阅,看下输出结果:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">2016-06-13 09:21:42.450 RAC[5404:248584] next = 3</code></pre> <p>的确是进行了乘3操作,符合预期,但是这里有一个很严重的问题,subject dealloc没有输出,也就是说subject没有释放。</p> <p>这不科学啊!subject看上去没有被任何对象持有。</p> <p>那究竟是什么情况?下面我们将RACSubject换成 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244696201042" rel="nofollow,noindex">RACSignal</a> 试试:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSignal *signal = [RACSignal createSignal:^RACDisposable *(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { [subscriber sendNext:@1]; return nil; }]; [signal.rac_willDeallocSignal subscribeCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"signal dealloc"); }]; [[signal map:^id(NSNumber *value) { return @([value integerValue] * 3); }] subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"next = %@", x); }]; }</code></pre> <p>逻辑跟之前一样,看一下输出结果:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">2016-06-12 23:32:31.669 RACDemo[5085:217082] next = 3 2016-06-12 23:32:31.674 RACDemo[5085:217082] signal dealloc</code></pre> <p>很明显,signal被释放了。同样的逻辑,signal能正常释放,subject却不能正常释放,太神奇了!</p> <p>细心的读者看到这里,应该会发现一个问题:上面的几次试验,不管是RACSubject还是RACSignal都没有调用sendCompleted。</p> <p>难道跟这个有关系?带着这个疑问,再进行如下试验,给RACSubject发送一个完成信号:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; RACSubject *subject = [RACSubject subject]; [subject.rac_willDeallocSignal subscribeCompleted:^{ NSLog(@"subject dealloc"); }]; [[subject map:^id(NSNumber *value) { return @([value integerValue] * 3); }] subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"next = %@", x); }]; [subject sendNext:@1]; [subject sendCompleted]; }</code></pre> <p>输出结果:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">2016-06-12 23:40:19.148 RAC_bindSample[5168:221902] next = 3 2016-06-12 23:40:19.153 RAC_bindSample[5168:221902] subject dealloc</code></pre> <p>subject被释放了,确实修正了内存泄漏问题。到这里,我们可以得出结论:</p> <p>使用RACSubject,如果进行了map操作,那么一定要发送完成信号,不然会内存泄漏。</p> <p>虽然得出了结论,但是留下的疑问也是不少,如果你希望知道这其中的缘由,请继续往下看。</p> <p>简单来说,留下的疑问有:</p> <ol> <li>为什么对RACSubject的实例进行map操作之后会产生内存泄漏?</li> <li>为什么RACSignal不管是否有map操作,都不会产生内存泄漏?</li> <li>针对第一个问题,为什么发送完成可以修复内存泄漏?</li> </ol> <p>带着疑问,咱们继续一探究竟。</p> <p>讲道理, RACSignal 和 RACSubject 虽然都是信号,但是它们有一个本质的区别:</p> <p>RACSubject会持有订阅者(因为RACSubject是热信号,为了保证未来有事件发送的时候,订阅者可以收到信息,所以需要对订阅者保持状态,做法就是持有订阅者),而RACSignal不会持有订阅者。</p> <p>关于这一点,更详细的说明请看 <a href="http://www.open-open.com/lib/view/open1472115978959.html" rel="nofollow,noindex">《细说ReactiveCocoa的冷信号与热信号(三):怎么处理冷信号与热信号》</a> 。</p> <p>那么持不持有订阅者,跟内存无法释放又有啥关系呢?不急,先记着有这样一个特性,咱们看看实现。</p> <p>从上面提出第一个问题可以发现,关键点在于map操作,那么map操作究竟干了什么事情,看下map的实现:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (instancetype)map:(id (^)(id value))block { NSCParameterAssert(block != nil); Class class = self.class; return [[self flattenMap:^(id value) { return [class return:block(value)]; }] setNameWithFormat:@"[%@] -map:", self.name]; }</code></pre> <p>很简单,只是调用了一下flattenMap,再看下flattenMap怎么实现的:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (instancetype)flattenMap:(RACStream * (^)(id value))block { Class class = self.class; return [[self bind:^{ return ^(id value, BOOL *stop) { id stream = block(value) ?: [class empty]; NSCAssert([stream isKindOfClass:RACStream.class], @"Value returned from -flattenMap: is not a stream: %@", stream); return stream; }; }] setNameWithFormat:@"[%@] -flattenMap:", self.name]; }</code></pre> <p>也很简单,只是调用了一下bind,再看看bind的实现,bind的实现位于RACSignal.m的92行左右。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">- (RACSignal *)bind:(RACStreamBindBlock (^)(void))block { NSCParameterAssert(block != NULL); /* * -bind: should: * * 1. Subscribe to the original signal of values. * 2. Any time the original signal sends a value, transform it using the binding block. * 3. If the binding block returns a signal, subscribe to it, and pass all of its values through to the subscriber as they're received. * 4. If the binding block asks the bind to terminate, complete the _original_ signal. * 5. When _all_ signals complete, send completed to the subscriber. * * If any signal sends an error at any point, send that to the subscriber. */ return [[RACSignal createSignal:^(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { RACStreamBindBlock bindingBlock = block(); NSMutableArray *signals = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObject:self]; // 此处省略了80行代码 // ... }] setNameWithFormat:@"[%@] -bind:", self.name]; }</code></pre> <p>如果你下载了源代码(不想下源码的话,也可以 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244794260851" rel="nofollow,noindex">在线查看</a> ),并且看到了这里,相信你的感觉一定是一脸懵逼的,不要激动,虽然这个方法很长,看上去也不那么好懂,但是关键点就那么几个地方,掌握了关键点就基本能get了。</p> <p>ReactiveCocoa的作者更是罕见地在实现文件了写了一大段注释来说明bind方法的用途,根据作者的注释再去理解这个方法会轻松很多。</p> <p>这里贴一个图,方便大家理解:</p> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/44bb7f07d4859ba1ba81c9173554d87a.png"></p> <p>OK,了解了bind操作的用途,也是时候回归主题了——内存是怎么泄露的。</p> <p>首先我们看到,在didSubscribe的开头,就创建了一个数组signals,并且持有了self,也就是源信号:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">NSMutableArray *signals = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObject:self];</code></pre> <p>(p.s. 如果你不知道didSubscribe是什么,也不了解ReactiveCocoa中信号的订阅过程,可以先看下 <a href="http://www.open-open.com/lib/view/open1435645462528.html" rel="nofollow,noindex">《RACSignal的Subscription深入分析》</a> )</p> <p>接下来会对源信号进行订阅:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">RACDisposable *bindingDisposable = [self subscribeNext:^(id x) { // Manually check disposal to handle synchronous errors. if (compoundDisposable.disposed) return; BOOL stop = NO; id signal = bindingBlock(x, &stop); @autoreleasepool { if (signal != nil) addSignal(signal); if (signal == nil || stop) { [selfDisposable dispose]; completeSignal(self, selfDisposable); } } } error:^(NSError *error) { //... } completed:^{ //... }];</code></pre> <p>订阅者会持有nextBlock、errorBlock、completedBlock三个block,为了简单,我们只讨论nextBlock。</p> <p>从nextBlock中的 completeSignal(self, selfDisposable); 这一行代码可以看出,nextBlock对self,也就是源信号进行了持有,再看到 if (signal != nil) addSignal(signal); 这一行,nextBlock对addSignal进行了持有,addSignal是在订阅self之前定义的一个block。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">void (^addSignal)(RACSignal *) = ^(RACSignal *signal) { @synchronized (signals) { [signals addObject:signal]; } //... };</code></pre> <p>addSignal这个block里面对一开始创建的数组signals进行了持有,用一幅图来描述下刚才所说的关系:</p> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/b698a3019bccb0e46f63f6c83fdacf8d.png"></p> <p>如果这个signal是一个RACSignal,那么是没有任何问题的;如果是signal是一个RACSubject,那问题就来了。还记得前面说过的RACSignal和RACSubject的区别吗?RACSubject会持有订阅者,而RACSignal不会持有订阅者,如果signal是一个RACSubject,那么图应该是这样的:</p> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/5bf3ebe2aaae2445e3e9ecf9d3847d8e.png"></p> <p>很明显,产生了循环引用!!!到这里,也就解答了前面提出的三个问题的前两个:</p> <p>对一个信号进行了map操作,那么最终会调用到bind。</p> <p>如果源信号是RACSubject,由于RACSubject会持有订阅者,所以产生了循环引用(内存泄漏);</p> <p>如果源信号是RACSignal,由于RACSignal不会持有订阅者,那么也就不存在循环引用。</p> <p>还剩下最后一个问题:如果源信号是RACSubject,为什么发送完成可以修复内存泄漏?</p> <p>来看下订阅者收到完成信号之后干了些什么:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">RACDisposable *bindingDisposable = [self subscribeNext:^(id x) { //... } error:^(NSError *error) { //... } completed:^{ @autoreleasepool { completeSignal(self, selfDisposable); } }];</code></pre> <p>很简单,只是调用了一下completeSignal这个block。再看下这个block内部在干嘛:</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">void (^completeSignal)(RACSignal *, RACDisposable *) = ^(RACSignal *signal, RACDisposable *finishedDisposable) { BOOL removeDisposable = NO; @synchronized (signals) { [signals removeObject:signal]; //1 if (signals.count == 0) { [subscriber sendCompleted]; //2 [compoundDisposable dispose]; //3 } else { removeDisposable = YES; } } if (removeDisposable) [compoundDisposable removeDisposable:finishedDisposable]; //4 };</code></pre> <p>//1这里从signals这个数组中移除传入的signal,也就断掉了signals持有subject这条线。</p> <p>//2、//3、//4其实干的事情差不多,都是拿到对应的disposable调用dispose,这样资源就得到了回收,subject就不会再持有subscriber,subscriber也会对自己的nextBlock、errorBlock、completedBlock三个block置为nil,就不会存在引用关系,所有的对象都得到了释放。</p> <p>有兴趣的同学可以去了解下 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244892337912" rel="nofollow,noindex">RACDisposable</a> ,它也是ReactiveCocoa中的重要一员,对理解源码有很大的帮助。</p> <p>map只是一个很典型的操作,其实在ReactiveCocoa的实现中,几乎所有的操作底层都会调用到bind这样一个方法,包括但不限于:</p> <p>map、filter、merge、combineLatest、flattenMap ……</p> <p>所以在使用ReactiveCocoa的时候也一定要仔细,对信号操作完成之后,记得发送完成信号,不然可能在不经意间就导致了内存泄漏。</p> <p>RACSubject就是一个比较典型直接的例子。除此之外,如果在对一个信号进行类似replay这样的操作之后,也一定要保证源信号发送完成;不然,也是会有内存泄漏的。</p> <pre> <code class="language-dart">RACSignal *signal = [RACSignal createSignal:^RACDisposable *(id<RACSubscriber> subscriber) { [subscriber sendNext:@1]; [subscriber sendCompleted]; // 保证源信号发送完成 return nil; }]; RACSignal *replaySignal = [signal replay]; // 这里返回的其实是一个RACReplaySubject [[replaySignal map:^id(NSNumber *value) { return @([value integerValue] * 3); }] subscribeNext:^(id x) { NSLog(@"subscribeNext - %@", x); }];</code></pre> <p>总之,一句话:使用ReactiveCocoa必须要保证信号发送完成或者发送错误。</p> <h2>参考资料</h2> <ul> <li>美团点评技术博客, <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677244970635478" rel="nofollow,noindex">《细说ReactiveCocoa的冷信号与热信号系列文章》</a> 。</li> <li>美团点评技术博客, <a href="http://www.open-open.com/lib/view/open1435645462528.html" rel="nofollow,noindex">《RACSignal的Subscription深入分析》</a> 。</li> <li>GitHub, <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959677245077558747" rel="nofollow,noindex">ReactiveCocoa官方文档</a> 。</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>来自:http://tech.meituan.com/potential-memory-leak-in-reactivecocoa.html</p> <p> </p>