ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用
fprc3905
8年前
<p><strong>ConstraintLayout(约束布局)</strong>, 是2016年<code>Google I/O</code>最新推出的Android布局, 目前还在完善阶段. 从推出的力度而言, 应该会成为主流布局样式. 在最新版本的<code>Android Studio</code>中, ConstraintLayout已经成为默认布局.</p> <p><img alt="ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用 - 简书" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/922f8582e98df8e1a5b3c0539b410452.png"></p> <p>使用ConstraintLayout布局的最新版本<code>1.0.0-alpha4</code>, 需要下载最新Canary版本的<code>Android Studio</code>, <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959676301922257584">下载地址</a>.</p> <p>ConstraintLayout作为非绑定(Unbundled)的支持库, 命名空间是<code>app:</code>, 来自于本地包的命名空间. 本文介绍<code>ConstraintLayout</code>布局的常见使用方式.</p> <p>本文源码的GitHub<a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959676302010477971">下载地址</a></p> <h2>概念</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout约束布局的含义: 根据布局中的其他元素或视图, 确定View在屏幕中的位置. 包含三个重要信息, 根据其他视图设置位置, 根据父容器设置位置, 根据基准线设置位置.</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">layout_constraint[本源]_[目标]="[目标ID]"</code></pre> <p>例如:</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout"</code></pre> <p>约束<code>当前View的底部</code>至<code>目标View的底部</code>, 目标View是constraintLayout. 表明, 把当前View放置到constraintLayout(父容器)的底部, 并且底部一致.</p> <p>为了演示多个示例, 使用复用的Activity页面. 根据参数设置标题和布局Id.</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class LayoutDisplayActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final String TAG = LayoutDisplayActivity.class.getSimpleName(); static final String EXTRA_LAYOUT_ID = TAG + ".layoutId"; // 布局ID @Override protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setTitle(getIntent().getStringExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TITLE)); final int layoutId = getIntent().getIntExtra(EXTRA_LAYOUT_ID, 0); setContentView(layoutId); // 设置页面布局, 复用布局 } }</code></pre> <p>主页面使用ListView展示多个项, 每项都是不同的布局. 点击项发送不同的Intent, 填充所要显示的页面.</p> <pre> <code class="language-java">public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); ListView list = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.activity_main); ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, LIST_ITEMS); list.setAdapter(adapter); list.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() { @Override public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) { // 复用显示布局 Intent intent = new Intent(MainActivity.this, LayoutDisplayActivity.class); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TITLE, LIST_ITEMS[i]); // 标题 intent.putExtra(LayoutDisplayActivity.EXTRA_LAYOUT_ID, LAYOUT_IDS[i]); // 布局Id startActivity(intent); } }); } }</code></pre> <h2>基础</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout布局最基本的使用方式, 就是直接指定位置. <code>取消</code>按钮的底部对齐<code>constraintLayout(父容器)</code>的底部, 左侧对齐父容器的左侧. <code>下一步</code>按钮的底部对齐父容器的底部, 而左侧对齐<code>取消</code>按钮的右侧. 并且每个按钮边缘有Margin空隙.</p> <pre> <code class="language-java"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout android:id="@+id/constraintLayout" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <Button android:id="@+id/cancel_button" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_marginBottom="16dp" android:layout_marginStart="16dp" android:text="取消" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/constraintLayout"/> <Button android:id="@+id/next_button" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_marginBottom="16dp" android:layout_marginStart="16dp" android:text="下一步" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@id/cancel_button"/> </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout></code></pre> <blockquote> <p>ConstraintLayout的属性设置, 最重要的就是理解属性的表示含义.</p> </blockquote> <p><img alt="ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用 - 简书" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/3daa7a0f40e07b2958473fd774031210.png"></p> <p> </p> <h2>比例</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout布局除了对齐属性, 还有重要的比例属性. <code>中心(Center)</code>按钮需要把全部边界与<code>constraintLayout(父容器)</code>边界对齐, 则为居中. 同时还可以设置水平与竖直的比例, 如0.25. <code>Bias</code>按钮设置水平与竖直的比例是0.25, 表示左侧与右侧比例是1:4, 上部与下部的比例是1:4.</p> <p><code>constraintHorizontal_bias</code>设置水平比例, <code>constraintVertical_bias</code>设置竖直比例.</p> <pre> <code class="language-xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:id="@+id/constraintLayout" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Center" app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout"/> <Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Bias" app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.25" app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.25"/> </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout></code></pre> <p><code>tools:layout_editor_absoluteX</code>属性对于视图起到辅助作用, 理解边界的真实距离, 点击可视化布局会自动生成.</p> <p><img alt="ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用 - 简书" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/f5c94d5241c97c9cda7c8cb1cc355959.png"></p> <p> </p> <h2>引导线</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout布局除了与布局对齐以外, 还可以与<code>引导线(Guideline)</code>对齐. 设置<code>竖直引导线(Guideline)</code>距离左侧<code>72dp</code>. 按钮(Button)的左侧都与引导线对齐, 上下使用比例的方式排列, 一个0.25比例, 一个0.75比例.</p> <pre> <code class="language-xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:id="@+id/constraintLayout" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <android.support.constraint.Guideline android:id="@+id/guideLine" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:orientation="vertical" app:layout_constraintGuide_begin="72dp"/> <Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Guide Up" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/guideLine" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.25"/> <Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Guide Down" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/guideLine" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.75"/> </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout></code></pre> <p><img alt="ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用 - 简书" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/82a81963b88782e233b1560c28796a41.png"></p> <p> </p> <h2>视图尺寸</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout布局中的控件也可以设置填充尺寸. 控件把宽度设置为<code>0dp</code>会自动根据位置进行填充. 如<code>Large</code>按钮, 左侧对齐与<code>Small</code>按钮的左侧, 右侧对齐与<code>constraintLayout父控件</code>的右侧, 宽度设置为<code>0dp</code>, 实际会填充全部位置.</p> <pre> <code class="language-xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout android:id="@+id/constraintLayout" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <Button android:id="@+id/small" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Small" app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@id/constraintLayout"/> <Button android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Large" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@id/small" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@id/constraintLayout"/> </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout></code></pre> <p><img alt="ConstraintLayout约束布局的概念与使用 - 简书" src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/eac5b9c7cb7423ce0caf8891906c71c4.png"></p> <p> </p> <h2>视图纵横比</h2> <p>ConstraintLayout布局还可以使用<code>constraintDimensionRatio</code>设置视图的纵横比, 则需要把<code>宽(layout_width)</code>或者<code>高(layout_height)</code>设置为0dp, 根据另一个属性和比例, 计算当前属性, 如两个图片控件的显示大小.</p> <pre> <code class="language-xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout android:id="@+id/constraintLayout" xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"> <ImageView android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="200dp" android:background="@color/colorAccent" android:src="@drawable/total_large" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.0"/> <ImageView android:layout_width="0dp" android:layout_height="200dp" android:background="@color/colorAccent" android:contentDescription="@null" android:src="@drawable/total_large" app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintDimensionRatio="4:3" app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="@+id/constraintLayout" app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="@+id/constraintLayout"/> </android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout></code></pre> <p><img src="https://simg.open-open.com/show/3883094c4f74d916b6bec99c7069240c.png"></p> <p> </p> <p><code>ConstraintLayout</code>约束布局的基本使用方式就是这些, 可以观察到ConstraintLayout布局兼顾LinearLayout与RelativeLayout的优点, 非常适合构建复杂布局, 会成为Android的主流布局方式.</p> <p>OK, that's all! Enjoy it!</p> <p>来自：http://www.jianshu.com/p/32a0a6e0a98a</p>