[译]使用Flask实现RESTful API
iz6825
8年前
<h2>简介</h2> <p>首先,安装Flask</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">pip install flask</code></pre> <p>假设那你已经了解RESTful API的相关概念,如果不清楚,可以阅读我之前写的这篇博客 <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959674215979295959" rel="nofollow,noindex">[Designing a RESTful Web API</a> .]( <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959674216065040332" rel="nofollow,noindex">http://blog.luisrei.com/articles/rest.html)</a></p> <p>Flask是一个使用Python开发的基于Werkzeug的Web框架。Flask非常适合于开发RESTful API,因为它具有以下特点:</p> <ul> <li> <p>使用Python进行开发,Python简洁易懂</p> </li> <li> <p>容易上手</p> </li> <li> <p>灵活</p> </li> <li> <p>可以部署到不同的环境</p> </li> <li> <p>支持RESTful请求分发</p> </li> </ul> <p>我一般是用curl命令进行测试,除此之外,还可以使用Chrome浏览器的postman扩展。</p> <h3>资源</h3> <p>首先,我创建一个完整的应用,支持响应/, /articles以及/article/:id。</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from flask import Flask, url_for app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def api_root(): return 'Welcome' @app.route('/articles') def api_articles(): return 'List of ' + url_for('api_articles') @app.route('/articles/<articleid>') def api_article(articleid): return 'You are reading ' + articleid if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()</code></pre> <p>可以使用curl命令发送请求:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/</code></pre> <p>响应结果分别如下所示:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET / Welcome GET /articles List of /articles GET /articles/123 You are reading 123</code></pre> <p>路由中还可以使用类型定义:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">@app.route('/articles/<articleid>')</code></pre> <p>上面的路由可以替换成下面的例子:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">@app.route('/articles/<int:articleid>') @app.route('/articles/<float:articleid>') @app.route('/articles/<path:articleid>')</code></pre> <p>默认的类型为字符串。</p> <h3>请求</h3> <p>请求参数</p> <p>假设需要响应一个/hello请求,使用get方法,并传递参数name</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from flask import request @app.route('/hello') def api_hello(): if 'name' in request.args: return 'Hello ' + request.args['name'] else: return 'Hello John Doe'</code></pre> <p>服务器会返回如下响应信息:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /hello Hello John Doe GET /hello?name=Luis Hello Luis</code></pre> <p>请求方法</p> <p>Flask支持不同的请求方法:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">@app.route('/echo', methods = ['GET', 'POST', 'PATCH', 'PUT', 'DELETE']) def api_echo(): if request.method == 'GET': return "ECHO: GET\n" elif request.method == 'POST': return "ECHO: POST\n" elif request.method == 'PATCH': return "ECHO: PACTH\n" elif request.method == 'PUT': return "ECHO: PUT\n" elif request.method == 'DELETE': return "ECHO: DELETE"</code></pre> <p>可以使用如下命令进行测试:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl -X PATCH http://127.0.0.1:5000/echo</code></pre> <p>不同请求方法的响应如下:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /echo ECHO: GET POST /ECHO ECHO: POST ...</code></pre> <p>请求数据和请求头</p> <p>通常使用POST方法和PATCH方法的时候,都会发送附加的数据,这些数据的格式可能如下:普通文本(plain text), JSON,XML,二进制文件或者用户自定义格式。</p> <p>Flask中使用 request.headers 类字典对象来获取请求头信息,使用 request.data 获取请求数据,如果发送类型是 application/json ,则可以使用request.get_json()来获取JSON数据。</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from flask import json @app.route('/messages', methods = ['POST']) def api_message(): if request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'text/plain': return "Text Message: " + request.data elif request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'application/json': return "JSON Message: " + json.dumps(request.json) elif request.headers['Content-Type'] == 'application/octet-stream': f = open('./binary', 'wb') f.write(request.data) f.close() return "Binary message written!" else: return "415 Unsupported Media Type ;)"</code></pre> <p>使用如下命令指定请求数据类型进行测试:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl -H "Content-type: application/json" \ -X POST http://127.0.0.1:5000/messages -d '{"message":"Hello Data"}'</code></pre> <p>使用下面的curl命令来发送一个文件:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl -H "Content-type: application/octet-stream" \ -X POST http://127.0.0.1:5000/messages --data-binary @message.bin</code></pre> <p>不同数据类型的响应结果如下所示:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">POST /messages {"message": "Hello Data"} Content-type: application/json JSON Message: {"message": "Hello Data"} POST /message <message.bin> Content-type: application/octet-stream Binary message written!</code></pre> <p>注意Flask可以通过request.files获取上传的文件,curl可以使用-F选项模拟上传文件的过程。</p> <h3>响应</h3> <p>Flask使用Response类处理响应。</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from flask import Response @app.route('/hello', methods = ['GET']) def api_hello(): data = { 'hello' : 'world', 'number' : 3 } js = json.dumps(data) resp = Response(js, status=200, mimetype='application/json') resp.headers['Link'] = 'http://luisrei.com' return resp</code></pre> <p>使用-i选项可以获取响应信息:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl -i http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello</code></pre> <p>返回的响应信息如下所示:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /hello HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 31 Link: http://luisrei.com Server: Werkzeug/0.8.2 Python/2.7.1 Date: Wed, 25 Apr 2012 16:40:27 GMT {"hello": "world", "number": 3}</code></pre> <p>mimetype指定了响应数据的类型。上面的过程可以使用Flask提供的一个简便方法实现:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from flask import jsonify ... # 将下面的代码替换成 resp = Response(js, status=200, mimetype='application/json') # 这里的代码 resp = jsonify(data) resp.status_code = 200</code></pre> <p>状态码和错误处理</p> <p>如果成功响应的话,状态码为200。对于404错误我们可以这样处理:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">@app.errorhandler(404) def not_found(error=None): message = { 'status': 404, 'message': 'Not Found: ' + request.url, } resp = jsonify(message) resp.status_code = 404 return resp @app.route('/users/<userid>', methods = ['GET']) def api_users(userid): users = {'1':'john', '2':'steve', '3':'bill'} if userid in users: return jsonify({userid:users[userid]}) else: return not_found()</code></pre> <p>测试上面的两个URL,结果如下:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /users/2 HTTP/1.0 200 OK { "2": "steve" } GET /users/4 HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND { "status": 404, "message": "Not Found: http://127.0.0.1:5000/users/4" }</code></pre> <p>默认的Flask错误处理可以使用 @error_handler 修饰器进行覆盖或者使用下面的方法:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">app.error_handler_spec[None][404] = not_found</code></pre> <p>即使API不需要自定义错误信息,最好还是像上面这样做,因为Flask默认返回的错误信息是HTML格式的。</p> <h3>认证</h3> <p>使用下面的代码可以处理 HTTP Basic Authentication。</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">from functools import wraps def check_auth(username, password): return username == 'admin' and password == 'secret' def authenticate(): message = {'message': "Authenticate."} resp = jsonify(message) resp.status_code = 401 resp.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Basic realm="Example"' return resp def requires_auth(f): @wraps(f) def decorated(*args, **kwargs): auth = request.authorization if not auth: return authenticate() elif not check_auth(auth.username, auth.password): return authenticate() return f(*args, **kwargs) return decorated</code></pre> <p>接下来只需要给路由增加@require_auth修饰器就可以在请求之前进行认证了:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">@app.route('/secrets') @requires_auth def api_hello(): return "Shhh this is top secret spy stuff!"</code></pre> <p>现在,如果没有通过认证的话,响应如下所示:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /secrets HTTP/1.0 401 UNAUTHORIZED WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Example" { "message": "Authenticate." }</code></pre> <p>curl通过-u选项来指定HTTP basic authentication,使用-v选项打印请求头:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">curl -v -u "admin:secret" http://127.0.0.1:5000/secrets</code></pre> <p>响应结果如下:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">GET /secrets Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46c2VjcmV0 Shhh this is top secret spy stuff!</code></pre> <p>Flask使用MultiDict来存储头部信息,为了给客户端展示不同的认证机制,可以给header添加更多的WWW-Autheticate。</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">resp.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Basic realm="Example"'resp.headers.add('WWW-Authenticate', 'Bearer realm="Example"')</code></pre> <h3>调试与日志</h3> <p>通过设置 debug=True 来开启调试信息:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">app.run(debug=True)</code></pre> <p>使用Python的logging模块可以设置日志信息:</p> <pre> <code class="language-python">import logging file_handler = logging.FileHandler('app.log') app.logger.addHandler(file_handler) app.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO) @app.route('/hello', methods = ['GET']) def api_hello(): app.logger.info('informing') app.logger.warning('warning') app.logger.error('screaming bloody murder!') return "check your logs\n"</code></pre> <h3>CURL 命令参考</h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>选项</th> <th>作用</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>-X</td> <td>指定HTTP请求方法,如POST,GET</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-H</td> <td>指定请求头,例如Content-type:application/json</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-d</td> <td>指定请求数据</td> </tr> <tr> <td>--data-binary</td> <td>指定发送的文件</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i</td> <td>显示响应头部信息</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-u</td> <td>指定认证用户名与密码</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-v</td> <td>输出请求头部信息</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>来自: <a href="/misc/goto?guid=4959674216150700095" rel="nofollow">https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000005642670</a></p> <p> </p>