Go语言的Http 中间件实现

jopen 9年前

英文原文链接: http://www.alexedwards.net/blog/making-and-using-middleware

当你正在构建一个Web应用程序有可能要运行许多(甚至全部)的HTTP请求一些共享功能,你可能想记录每一个request,gzip压缩的每个response,或者做一些繁重的处理或者缓存检查。

实现这个共享功能的一种方法是将其设置为中间件,他可以作为一个独立的程序,在正常的handlers处理之前。根本不需要重写代码:如果你想用一个中间件,就把它加上应用中;如果你改变主意了,去掉就好了。就这么简单。

ServeMux => Middleware Handler => Application Handler
ServeMux => MiddlewareHandler => ApplicationHandler

这篇文章,我会给大家介绍怎么自己去实现一个自定义的middleware模式。以及通过使用第三方的中间件软件包的一些具体的实例。

基本原则:

在Go语言中实现和使用middleware是非常简单的。

  • 使我们的中间件能搞满足 http.handlers 这个接口
  • 建立一个 handlers 链,使其能够满足中间件的 handler 和 正常应用的 handler,并且能够注册到 http.ServeMux

我来解释如何实现:

首先你要知道go 的http handle,这里假设你是知道的

func messageHandler(message string) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      w.Write([]byte(message)    })  }
funcmessageHandler(messagestring) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      w.Write([]byte(message)    })  }

这上面这个代码片段里面我们的逻辑很简单只是一个简单的 w.Write() 然后我们使用 http.HandlerFunc 适配器来转化这个闭包,并返回。

我们可以使用一个相同的方法来创建一个 handler 链。可以使用 handler 代替参数 string 传进闭包,然后把控制 handler 给传进来的 handler,并且调用 ServeHTTP() 方法。

这给了我们一个完整的模式构建中间件:

func exampleMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      // Our middleware logic goes here...      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)    })  }
funcexampleMiddleware(nexthttp.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      // Our middleware logic goes here...      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)    })  }

你注意到这个中间件有一个这样的函数结构 func(http.Handler) http.Handler 。它接受一个 handler 作为参数,并且返回一个 handler。这里有两个很有用的原因:

  • 因为这个函数返回一个句柄可以直接供中间件注册
  • 我们可以建立任意长度的 handler 链来通过中间件的方法互相嵌套

比如:

http.Handle("/", middlewareOne(middlewareTwo(finalHandler)))
http.Handle("/", middlewareOne(middlewareTwo(finalHandler)))

控制流说明:

让我们来看一个带有多个中间件的例子,并且把日志输出到控制台:

package main    import (    "log"    "net/http"  )    func middlewareOne(next http.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      log.Println("Executing middlewareOne")      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)      log.Println("Executing middlewareOne again")    })  }    func middlewareTwo(next http.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      log.Println("Executing middlewareTwo")      if r.URL.Path != "/" {        return      }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)      log.Println("Executing middlewareTwo again")    })  }    func final(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    log.Println("Executing finalHandler")    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }    func main() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)      http.Handle("/", middlewareOne(middlewareTwo(finalHandler)))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }
package main     import (    "log"    "net/http"  )     funcmiddlewareOne(nexthttp.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      log.Println("Executing middlewareOne")      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)      log.Println("Executing middlewareOne again")    })  }     funcmiddlewareTwo(nexthttp.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      log.Println("Executing middlewareTwo")      if r.URL.Path != "/" {        return      }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)      log.Println("Executing middlewareTwo again")    })  }     funcfinal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    log.Println("Executing finalHandler")    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }     funcmain() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)       http.Handle("/", middlewareOne(middlewareTwo(finalHandler)))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }

然后我们执行 go run main.go 在浏览器打开http://localhost:3000。 你会看到下面的输出。

我们能够很清楚的看到handle的流程控制。我们嵌套他们的返回顺序。我们可以通过中间件中得 return 随时停止handle链的控制。

在上面的代码中我们在 middlewareTwo function包含了retrun 语句。我们在浏览器中打开http://localhost:3000/foo,我们会看到。

2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareOne  2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareTwo  2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareOne again  2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareOne  2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareTwo  2015/12/19 04:21:57 Executing middlewareOne again
2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareOne  2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareTwo  2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareOneagain  2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareOne  2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareTwo  2015/12/19 04:21:57 ExecutingmiddlewareOneagain

我们实现一个真实的项目的示例:

我们实现一个判断请求是不是XMl的功能,我们要实现一个中间件。用来检查的请求体的存在。检查请求体,以确保它是XML。如果其中检查失败,我希望我们的中间件输出错误信息然后终止我们的handle处理。

package main    import (    "bytes"    "net/http"  )    func enforceXMLHandler(next http.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      // Check for a request body      if r.ContentLength == 0 {        http.Error(w, http.StatusText(400), 400)        return      }      // Check its MIME type      buf := new(bytes.Buffer)      buf.ReadFrom(r.Body)      if http.DetectContentType(buf.Bytes()) != "text/xml; charset=utf-8" {        http.Error(w, http.StatusText(415), 415)        return      }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)    })  }    func main() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)      http.Handle("/", enforceXMLHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }    func final(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }
package main     import (    "bytes"    "net/http"  )     funcenforceXMLHandler(nexthttp.Handler) http.Handler {    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {      // Check for a request body      if r.ContentLength == 0 {        http.Error(w, http.StatusText(400), 400)        return      }      // Check its MIME type      buf := new(bytes.Buffer)      buf.ReadFrom(r.Body)      if http.DetectContentType(buf.Bytes()) != "text/xml; charset=utf-8" {        http.Error(w, http.StatusText(415), 415)        return      }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)    })  }     funcmain() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)       http.Handle("/", enforceXMLHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }     funcfinal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }

为了检验我们的中间件是否实现了这个功能,我们首先创建一个XML文件。

$ cat > books.xml  <?xml version="1.0"?>  <books>    <book>      <author>H. G. Wells</author>      <title>The Time Machine</title>      <price>8.50</price>    </book>  </books>
$ cat > books.xml  <?xmlversion="1.0"?>  <books>    <book>      <author>H. G. Wells</author>      <title>TheTimeMachine</title>      <price>8.50</price>    </book>  </books>

然后通过使用cURL来进行模拟请求:

$ curl -i localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Content-Length: 12    Bad Request  $ curl -i -d "This is not XML" localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 415 Unsupported Media Type  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Content-Length: 23    Unsupported Media Type  $ curl -i -d @books.xml localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 200 OK  Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:42:10 GMT  Content-Length: 2  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8    OK
$ curl -i localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 400 BadRequest  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Content-Length: 12     BadRequest  $ curl -i -d "This is not XML" localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 415 UnsupportedMediaType  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Content-Length: 23     UnsupportedMediaType  $ curl -i -d @books.xmllocalhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 200 OK  Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2014 13:42:10 GMT  Content-Length: 2  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8     OK

接下来给大家介绍一下第三方中间件的使用:

秉承不造轮子的原则,其实在Github上有很多实现了一些功能的中间件。比如这里给大家介绍2个基础验证的中间件 goji/httpauth 和Gorilla’s  LoggingHandler

首先我们需要引入第三方包

$ go get github.com/goji/httpauth
$ gogetgithub.com/goji/httpauth
package main    import (    "github.com/goji/httpauth"    "net/http"  )    func main() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)    authHandler := httpauth.SimpleBasicAuth("username", "password")      http.Handle("/", authHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }    func final(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }
package main     import (    "github.com/goji/httpauth"    "net/http"  )     funcmain() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)    authHandler := httpauth.SimpleBasicAuth("username", "password")       http.Handle("/", authHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }     funcfinal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }

如果你运行这个例子,你应该得到你所期望的有效和无效的凭证响应

$ curl -i username:password@localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 200 OK  Content-Length: 2  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8    OK  $ curl -i username:wrongpassword@localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Www-Authenticate: Basic realm=""Restricted""  Content-Length: 13    Unauthorized
$ curl -i username:password@localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 200 OK  Content-Length: 2  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8     OK  $ curl -i username:wrongpassword@localhost:3000  HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized  Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8  Www-Authenticate: Basicrealm=""Restricted""  Content-Length: 13     Unauthorized

Gorilla’s LoggingHandler和 Apache-style logs 有一些区别

以下是我们在其中写入日志到server.log文件一个简单的例子:

首先还是引入第三包

go get github.com/gorilla/handlers
gogetgithub.com/gorilla/handlers
package main    import (    "github.com/gorilla/handlers"    "net/http"    "os"  )    func main() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)      logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)    if err != nil {      panic(err)    }      http.Handle("/", handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }    func final(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }
package main     import (    "github.com/gorilla/handlers"    "net/http"    "os"  )     funcmain() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)       logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)    if err != nil {      panic(err)    }       http.Handle("/", handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }     funcfinal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }

在一个简单的情况下,这样我们的代码是相当清楚的。但是,如果我们想用LoggingHandler作为一个更大的中间件链中的一部分会发生什么?我们可以很容易地结束了一个声明,看起来像这样:

http.Handle("/", handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, authHandler(enforceXMLHandler(finalHandler))))
http.Handle("/", handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, authHandler(enforceXMLHandler(finalHandler))))

不过这看起来太糟糕了。

我们可以通过创建一个构造函数打来整理一下我们给它取名为(myLoggingHandler)

和signature func(http.Handler) http.Handler .这样就会是我们的代码更加整洁和可读性:

func myLoggingHandler(h http.Handler) http.Handler {    logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)    if err != nil {      panic(err)    }    return handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, h)  }    func main() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)      http.Handle("/", myLoggingHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }
funcmyLoggingHandler(h http.Handler) http.Handler {    logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)    if err != nil {      panic(err)    }    return handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, h)  }     funcmain() {    finalHandler := http.HandlerFunc(final)       http.Handle("/", myLoggingHandler(finalHandler))    http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }
$ cat server.log  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:43 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:36 +0100] "POST / HTTP/1.1" 200 2  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:43 +0100] "PUT / HTTP/1.1" 200 2
$ catserver.log  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:43 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:36 +0100] "POST / HTTP/1.1" 200 2  127.0.0.1 - - [21/Oct/2014:18:56:43 +0100] "PUT / HTTP/1.1" 200 2

这里还有一个比较完整结构的中间件使用的示例:

package main    import (   "bytes"   "github.com/goji/httpauth"   "github.com/gorilla/handlers"   "net/http"   "os"  )    func enforceXMLHandler(next http.Handler) http.Handler {   return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {    if r.ContentLength == 0 {     http.Error(w, http.StatusText(400), 400)     return    }      buf := new(bytes.Buffer)    buf.ReadFrom(r.Body)    if http.DetectContentType(buf.Bytes()) != "text/xml; charset=utf-8" {     http.Error(w, http.StatusText(415), 415)     return    }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)   })  }    func myLoggingHandler(h http.Handler) http.Handler {   logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)   if err != nil {    panic(err)   }   return handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, h)  }    func main() {   indexHandler := http.HandlerFunc(index)   authHandler := httpauth.SimpleBasicAuth("username", "password")     http.Handle("/", myLoggingHandler(authHandler(enforceXMLHandler(indexHandler))))   http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }    func index(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {   w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }
package main     import (   "bytes"   "github.com/goji/httpauth"   "github.com/gorilla/handlers"   "net/http"   "os"  )     funcenforceXMLHandler(nexthttp.Handler) http.Handler {   return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {   if r.ContentLength == 0 {   http.Error(w, http.StatusText(400), 400)   return   }      buf := new(bytes.Buffer)   buf.ReadFrom(r.Body)   if http.DetectContentType(buf.Bytes()) != "text/xml; charset=utf-8" {   http.Error(w, http.StatusText(415), 415)   return   }      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)   })  }     funcmyLoggingHandler(h http.Handler) http.Handler {   logFile, err := os.OpenFile("server.log", os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0666)   if err != nil {   panic(err)   }   return handlers.LoggingHandler(logFile, h)  }     funcmain() {   indexHandler := http.HandlerFunc(index)   authHandler := httpauth.SimpleBasicAuth("username", "password")      http.Handle("/", myLoggingHandler(authHandler(enforceXMLHandler(indexHandler))))   http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)  }     funcindex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {   w.Write([]byte("OK"))  }

有很多人不太喜欢中间件的设计模式,不过我还是慢喜欢的。

Go语言的Http 中间件实现

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来自: https://xiequan.info/go语言的http-中间件实现/