高性能 TCP 堆栈：mTCP
MTCP是多核系统的高性能用户级的TCP协议栈。mTCP 从 I/O 包到 TCP 连接管理上进行全方位的优化。
Besides adopting well-known techniques, our mTCP stack (1) translates expensive system calls to shared memory access between two threads within the same CPU core, (2) allows efficient flow-level event aggregation, and (3) performs batch processing of RX/TX packets for high I/O efficiency. mTCP on an 8-core machine improves the performance of small message transactions by a factor 25 (compared with the latest Linux TCP stack (kernel version 3.10.12)) and 3 (compared with with the best-performing research system). It also improves the performance of various popular applications by 33% (SSLShader) to 320% (lighttpd) compared with those on the Linux stack.
为什么是用户级的 TCP?
Many high-performance network applications spend a significant portion of CPU cycles for TCP processing in the kernel. (e.g., ~80% inside kernel for lighttpd) Even worse, these CPU cycles are not utilized effectively; according to our measurements, Linux spends more than 4x the cycles than mTCP in handling the same number of TCP transactions.
Then, can we design a user-level TCP stack that incorporates all existing optimizations into a single system? Can we bring the performance of existing packet I/O libraries to the TCP stack? To answer these questions, we build a TCP stack in the user level. User-level TCP is attractive for many reasons.
- Easily depart from the kernel's complexity
- Directly benefit from the optimizations in the high performance packet I/O libraries
- Naturally aggregate flow-level events by packet-level I/O batching
- Easily preserve the existing application programming interface
事件驱动 Packet I/O Library
Several packet I/O systems allow high-speed packet I/O (~100M packets/s) from a user-level application. However, they are not suitable for implementing a transport layer because (i) they waste CPU cycles by polling NICs and (ii) they do not allow multiplexing between RX and TX.
To address these challenges, we extend PacketShader I/O engine (PSIO) for efficient event-driven packet I/O. The new event-driven interface, ps_select(), works similarly to select() except that it operates on TX/RX queues of interested NIC ports. For example, mTCP specifies interested NIC interfaces for RX and/or TX events with a timeout in microseconds, and ps_select() returns immediately if any events of interests are available.
The use of PSIO brings the opportunity to amortize the overhead of various system calls and context switches throughout the system, in addition to eliminating the per-packet memory allocation and DMA overhead. For more detail about the PSIO, please refer to the PacketShader project page.
示例代码：
性能比较：
