使用 Python 编写 vim 插件

openkk 13年前

Vim 插件是一个 .vim 的脚本文件,定义了函数、映射、语法规则和命令,可用于操作窗口、缓冲以及行。一般一个插件包含了命令定义和事件钩子。当使用 Python 编写 vim 插件时,函数外面是使用 VimL 编写,尽管 VimL 学起来很快,但 Python 更加灵活,例如可以用 urllib/httplib/simplejson 来访问某些 Web 服务,这也是为什么很多需要访问 Web 服务的插件都是使用 VimL + Python 编写的原因。

在开始编写插件之前,你需要确认 Vim 支持 Python,通过以下命令来判别:

vim --version | grep +python

接下来我们通过一个简单的例子来学习用 Python 编写 Vim 插件,该插件用来获取 Reddit 首页信息并显示在当前缓冲区上。

首先在 Vim 新建 vimmit.vim 文件,我们首先需要判断是否支持 Python,如果不支持给出提示信息:

if !has('python')      echo "Error: Required vim compiled with +python"      finish  endif

上面这段代码就是用 VimL 编写的,它将检查 Vim 是否支持 Python。

下面是用 Python 编写的 Reddit() 主函数:

" Vim comments start with a double quote.  " Function definition is VimL. We can mix VimL and Python in  " function definition.  function! Reddit()    " We start the python code like the next line.    python << EOF  # the vim module contains everything we need to interface with vim from  # python. We need urllib2 for the web service consumer.  import vim, urllib2  # we need json for parsing the response  import json    # we define a timeout that we'll use in the API call. We don't want  # users to wait much.  TIMEOUT = 20  URL = "http://reddit.com/.json"    try:      # Get the posts and parse the json response      response = urllib2.urlopen(URL, None, TIMEOUT).read()      json_response = json.loads(response)        posts = json_response.get("data", "").get("children", "")        # vim.current.buffer is the current buffer. It's list-like object.      # each line is an item in the list. We can loop through them delete      # them, alter them etc.      # Here we delete all lines in the current buffer      del vim.current.buffer[:]        # Here we append some lines above. Aesthetics.      vim.current.buffer[0] = 80*"-"        for post in posts:          # In the next few lines, we get the post details          post_data = post.get("data", {})          up = post_data.get("ups", 0)          down = post_data.get("downs", 0)          title = post_data.get("title", "NO TITLE").encode("utf-8")          score = post_data.get("score", 0)          permalink = post_data.get("permalink").encode("utf-8")          url = post_data.get("url").encode("utf-8")          comments = post_data.get("num_comments")            # And here we append line by line to the buffer.          # First the upvotes          vim.current.buffer.append("↑ %s"%up)          # Then the title and the url          vim.current.buffer.append("    %s [%s]"%(title, url,))          # Then the downvotes and number of comments          vim.current.buffer.append("↓ %s    | comments: %s [%s]"%(down, comments, permalink,))          # And last we append some "-" for visual appeal.          vim.current.buffer.append(80*"-")    except Exception, e:      print e    EOF    " Here the python code is closed. We can continue writing VimL or python again.  endfunction

使用如下命令保存文件

:source vimmit.vim

然后调用该插件:

:call Reddit()

这个命令用起来不那么方便,因此我们再定义一个命令:

command! -nargs=0 Reddit call Reddit()

我们定义了命令 :Reddit 来调用这个函数。-nargs 参数声明命令行中有多少个参数。

关于函数参数的问题:

问:如何访问函数中的参数?

function! SomeName(arg1, arg2, arg3)      " Get the first argument by name in VimL      let firstarg=a:arg1        " Get the second argument by position in Viml      let secondarg=a:1        " Get the arguments in python        python << EOF      import vim        first_argument = vim.eval("a:arg1") #or vim.eval("a:0")      second_argument = vim.eval("a:arg2") #or vim.eval("a:1")

你可以使用 ... 来处理可变个数参数来替换特定的参数名,可通过位置或者命名参数来访问,如:(arg1, arg2, ...)

问:如何在 Python 中调用 Vim 命令?

vim.command("[vim-command-here]")

问:如何定义全局变量,并在 VimL 和 Python 中访问?

全局变量使用形如 g:. 的前缀,定义全局变量前应该检查该变量是否已定义:

if !exists("g:reddit_apicall_timeout")      let g:reddit_apicall_timeout=40  endif

然后你通过下面代码在 Python 中访问这个变量:

TIMEOUT = vim.eval("g:reddit_apicall_timeout")

可通过下面的方法来对全局变量进行重新赋值:

let g:reddit_apicall_timeout=60

更多关于使用 Python 编写 Vim 插件的说明请看官方文档

本文由 OSCHINA 译自:http://brainacle.com/how-to-write-vim-plugins-with-python.html